Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now the rage. But the US legal and regulatory response remains very much a work in progress (or in some cases, not even in progress).

AI includes a variety of technologies, notably ‘machine learning’ systems, Chatbots, and image (and Deepfake) creators. AI overlaps with robotics because behind many robots lies an embodied or even remotely connected AI. Both technologies present a number of ethical, social, and legal challenges that are inciting a wide variety of responses. Representative examples of problems include: Who is responsible for invidious discrimination by an AI? What should the liability (and ethical) rules be for accidents involving autonomous vehicles? Is existing malpractice law ready for AI doctors? Should we permit AI-enabled robots to carry lethal weapons? Should AIs and/or Robots have ‘rights’, whether human rights, animal rights, or some sui generis set of rights? To what extent should US law parallel the very detailed sets of rules being developed in the European Union?

The course will thus treat AI Law as a distinct subject, and also attempt to put it into the context of the law’s ongoing encounter with new technology. Most law courses seek to give you mastery of a relatively well-defined body of law. This course is different: it will seek to give you a taste of what it is like to work in areas with little or no clearly defined law (as such–the task then is to borrow or invent it), or new law, or where the law is in the process of being created and assembled – and where you could have a hand in making it, or interpreting it. Much like acrobatics without a net, this can be thrilling but it can also be scary. Crashes are always a possibility.
 
Course Concentrations:
The Business of Innovation, Law and Technology: BILT (Concentration) More information

Administrative governance addresses issues central to the daily lives of Americans, including, but not limited to, immigration reform, education, civil rights, financial regulation, environmental protection, and auto safety. Indeed, in an age of polarized government, the administrative state has taken on an increased importance in American governance. Administrative law encompasses several different substantive areas, and is fundamentally about the creation, legitimation and control of bureaucratic decision making in a democracy. Though the course focuses primarily on national administrative agencies and the federal courts, familiarity with administrative law and process is essential for the practice of law at both the federal and state level. Administrative law deals with three issues: (1) what powers may be delegated to administrative agencies; (2) the manner in which agencies use their delegated power, e.g., through rulemaking or adjudication; and (3) the ways in which administrative agencies are disciplined by the political branches, the courts and private parties. The first issue raises questions largely related to the status of administrative agencies in the constitutional framework—i.e., whether and to what extent Congress may delegate to substantive decision-making authority to administrative agencies. The second issue deals almost exclusively with the procedural requirements imposed on administrative agencies when engaged in their “law creation” function. Finally, the third issue addresses questions of the availability and scope of judicial review, and the formal and informal ways that the political branches attempt to constrain agency discretion. The primary focus of this class, as an introductory class, will be to develop a working knowledge of the key doctrinal components of this area of the law. However, we will also think broadly about the justifications for the administrative state, which has been with us since the very first days of the Republic, and test those against our substantive ideals about democracy, deliberation, accountability, and effective governance. In addition to a Final Examination, students grades will be based on a book review essay due mid-semester. Students are free to choose one of several books selected by the professor.
 
Course Concentrations:
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Area of Focus) More information
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Concentration) More information
The Business of Innovation, Law and Technology: BILT (Concentration) More information
Environmental Law (Area of Focus) More information
Environmental Law (Concentration) More information
Health Law (Area of Focus) More information
Immigration, Asylum, and Citizenship Law Area of Focus (Area of Focus) More information
Social Justice & Public Interest (Area of Focus) More information
Social Justice & Public Interest (Concentration) More information
Transactional Law (Area of Focus) More information
Transactional Law (Concentration) More information

This Course is designed to refine the advocacy skills of students who will soon represent the law school in national moot court competitions. This Spring, with the assistance of other professors, guest speakers, and members of the Moot Court Board, we will provide students with individualized instruction, both as to their writing skills and oral argument presentation. Briefs written for national or state moot court competitions or submitted for this class will not satisfy the law school's writing requirement.
 
Course Concentrations:
Litigation & Dispute Resolution (Concentration) More information
Social Justice & Public Interest (Area of Focus) More information
Social Justice & Public Interest (Concentration) More information

This seminar will address issues concerning business immigration law, asylum, citizenship, and removal proceedings in substantial depth. The class will focus on grounds of inadmissibility, waivers and defenses to deportation and removal. It will also focus on non-immigrant business visas such as H-lb, E, L, P, and 0 visas. It will focus on employment based permanent residency such as EB-1, national interest waivers, labor certifications and investors. On family based permanent residency we will focus on such topics as priority dates, abandonment of residency, rescission, adjustment of status, and immigrant visa processing. On issues concerning asylum we will address questions concerning the definition of persecution, social group, credibility, and special acts of Congress such as the Cuban Refugee Adjustment Act. The discussion on citizenship will address issues concerning the Child Citizenship Act, loss of nationality, dual citizenship and revocation of naturalization. Removal proceeding will also address closed hearings, mandatory detention and issues related to terrorism and foreign policy.
 
Course Concentrations:
Immigration, Asylum, and Citizenship Law Area of Focus (Area of Focus) More information
Social Justice & Public Interest (Area of Focus) More information
Social Justice & Public Interest (Concentration) More information

Antitrust & Big Tech - U.S. agencies, courts, and legislatures are grappling with how antitrust laws—some enacted more than 100 years ago—apply to digital markets. Federal and state enforcers have filed groundbreaking lawsuits against Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft. Congress has considered legislation that would impose unique requirements on these Big Tech companies, blurring the line between traditional antitrust and a more regulatory approach. And non-U.S. jurisdictions, especially the European Union and the United Kingdom, have already deployed a variety of enforcement and regulatory actions against these firms. This course will allow students to explore the cutting-edge legal and economic issues raised by the rise of Big Tech. Students will complete an original research paper and present on their findings to the class.
 
Course Concentrations:
Social Justice & Public Interest (Concentration) More information

This is a two-credit course organized as an independent paper aggregation (IPA). The course will serve as a workshop for developing reforms that lessen the impact of the carceral system. Enrollment is by application and is capped at 12. Send application to agonzalez1@law.miami.edu

The course will explore reforms to the criminal legal system and criminal law; the development of alternatives to the criminal legal systems including restorative or transformative justice; and amelioration of the impact of incarceration on families and communities. The course is likely to be of special interest to students who intend careers in criminal law, public policy, social justice lawyering, civil rights, restorative justice, and labor/employment law, but anyone with an interest in the topic is welcome.

Application – Please send me a memo that lets me know why you’re interested in the course. Send the memo to Ana Gonzalez at agonzalez1@law.miami.edu and copy dcoker@law.miami.edu. Please feel free to send me your questions about the course.

Course Requirements - Students will write papers of sufficient length, involving substantial research and revision, to count toward the Law School’s writing requirement. Initial course meetings will explore topics that may form the basis for student papers. Students, however, are free to propose topics of their own. The reading will include both legal material and social science research. The course will meet regularly for the first several weeks. At that point students will present plausible paper topics for class discussion. If topics remain of interest after discussion, students will write preliminary memoranda identifying issues to be addressed in the paper. Class meetings thereafter will be on an as-needed basis until the time for student presentations. During this period, students will meet individually with the instructor to review their paper drafts. The class will meet again near the close of the semester for brief student presentations on their paper topic. Class meetings will normally be in person, but may occasionally occur online, particularly if doing so accommodates a guest speaker. Individual meetings will occur on zoom or in-person. The course is designed to provide an ideal structure for meeting the upper-level writing requirement. Students are given substantial time to pursue the research that is directly relevant to their paper, without having to keep up with readings and other requirements that are true of a weekly seminar class. At the same time, students are given an overview of the field and the opportunity for feedback from their peers that is often absent with an independent study.
 
Course Concentrations:
Social Justice & Public Interest (Concentration) More information

This course introduces the students to the field of “law and economics,” with applications spanning across different areas of public law, including regulation, litigation, criminal justice, and competition policy. No prior knowledge of law is required. The application of economics to law is one of the most important developments in legal scholarship of our times. Economics and game theory have changed the way many scholars and legal practitioners think about law, litigation, and legal process. Legal scholarship using economic analysis is highly influential in legal academia and in courts. The field of law and economics received the highest level of recognition with numerous Nobel Prizes in economics awarded to economists and law professors who contributed to the creation of this field of research, holding joint appointments in various U.S. law schools, including James Buchanan (1986), Ronald Coase (1991), Gary Becker (1992), Vernon Smith (2002) and Oliver Williamson (2009).

LEARNING OUTCOMES

The learning outcomes for this course revolve around students’ ability to understand and then apply economic concepts to understand the effects of law on behavior. This includes an explanation of the economic methodology that is used when applying economics to the law. Through this course, students will have a better understanding of how to use economics to explain how and why the law exists as it does today, as well as how economics can guide changes to the law to better serve people.

TEACHING METHODS

This class will be taught primarily through lectures and occasional class problems. Completing course readings, as well as participating in class discussions, are paramount to the course’s success.

Class will meet in Whitten LC 194.
 
Course Concentrations:
Social Justice & Public Interest (Concentration) More information

The United Nations International Law Commission (ILC) is the only subsidiary organ within the United Nations system that was mandated by member states “to initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of … encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification”. This advanced seminar, which offers students a unique opportunity to learn how international law is made from a faculty member who serves on the ILC and to prepare a major paper, will first explore the historical origins, mandate, and contributions of the ILC towards the establishment of a rule-based international legal order. The seminar, which prepares students for a summer externship with the United Nations in Geneva, will then critically evaluate the latest topics and reports under study by the ILC, their present status, and future direction. These may include general principles of law; immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction; sea level rise in relation to international law; subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law; settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties; prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea; and non-legally binding international agreements.

Required materials

Two sets of materials are mandatory for this seminar. The first is The Work of the International Law Commission: Volumes I and II, Tenth Edition, 2022. Kindly purchase the hard copy. The second set of required materials include the statute and relevant reports of the ILC to the UN General Assembly as well as excerpts of chapters of reports and other readings posted on TWEN or Blackboard. It is the responsibility of each student to download and print the latter materials and to bring them to class.
 

This course will explore current developments in trademark and advertising law, primarily through recent federal court decisions under the Lanham Act. Course work includes in-depth treatment of complex areas of practice such as right of publicity and invasion of privacy, trademark issues in contextual advertising. litigation strategies, and recent legal developments in the field of trademark law.
 
Course Concentrations:
The Business of Innovation, Law and Technology: BILT (Concentration) More information

This course will explore current developments in trademark and advertising law, primarily through recent federal court decisions under the Lanham Act. Course work includes in-depth treatment of complex areas of practice such as right of publicity and invasion of privacy, trademark issues in contextual advertising. litigation strategies, and recent legal developments in the field of trademark law.
 
Course Concentrations:
The Business of Innovation, Law and Technology: BILT (Concentration) More information

This course builds on “Introduction to Affordable Housing,” and provides a deeper overview of issues to consider in affordable housing development: the most important areas of applicable laws and regulations on affordable housing; the sources of financing and the role of public/private partnerships and non-profit/ for-profit developers’ joint ventures; and the emerging trends in affordable housing development within urban communities. In addition to the classroom component, students will work on a variety of documents which are part of an actual affordable housing transaction, and will have an opportunity to meet clients, attend public hearings, and nurture a further understanding of the affordable housing arena. For the classroom component the class will meet once a week for eight weeks throughout the semester, and for the practicum the students will complete 40-50 hours of client related work, most of which will take place at the offices of Legal Services of Greater Miami; (2 credits, of which 1 credit satisfies a skills requirement).
 

The visual arts, whether an ancient bronze sculpture, an Old Master painting, or last night’s newest graffiti in Wynwood, all implicate legal and ethical issues. This 3-credit course introduces students to the many ways that visual artists and the visual arts intersect with law and ethics. Art Law is a relatively new, quickly developing area of legal scholarship, practice, and legislation touching on almost every traditional legal topic. We will focus on three major issues: artists rights in the works they create, the international movement of art and antiquities, and the contemporary art markets. Readings include international treaties, federal and state statutes, judicial opinions, and scholarly articles. Success in the course requires careful preparation for each class and meaningful participation in class discussion. The course meets in-person for three hours once/week. The assigned text is Merryman, Urice, and Frankel, Law, Ethics, and the Visual Arts (Cambridge 2025).
 

We will chronicle the fight for effective Assembly and Protest in the US. From the cases we will emphasize the narrative and social context of these disputes, demonstrating the presence of war, race, and class,, often intertwined with Protest. This ability to protest is necessary if democracy is to be affirmed. Perhaps we as American society do not want a true democracy or are not sure we want it. Or perhaps powerful individuals or groups do not want any democracy they don’t win. There are current indications: the “rigged” political primaries via super-delegates and calendar of primary elections in both major parties, the gerrymandered state legislatures by party, new limits on voter registration and eligibility, or the privileging of money in elections in Citizens United.. But if we want anything like democracy, then ordinary people, enfranchised or not, must be able to physically meet and organize independently of wealth or status. Throughout our history, legal protection of the right to assemble has been episodic and peripheral. More often Assembly has been suppressed by legal institutions, whether by courts, police, or military actions. Most often the issues have involved the most wrenching of social issues. The only viable place to do protect protest is in public assembly and organization. Mass Protest depends on meeting places. Traditionally this has depended on the streets and public places. The Right to Assemble, whether constitutional or moral, must be vigorously exercised and protected.
 

The Eleanor R. Cristol and Judge A. Jay Cristol Bankruptcy Pro Bono Assistance Clinic at Miami Law offers pro bono legal services to low-income individuals and entities that are dealing with financial problems. The Bankruptcy Bar Association of the Southern District of Florida established the clinic. Miami Law offers it as a one semester or a two-semester, three or six credit elective that pairs students into teams to represent clients under the mentorship of experienced attorneys. How Students Benefit from Participating in this Clinic • Hands-On Learning – Students have the opportunity to practice on real cases in federal bankruptcy court. These can be chapter 7s, chapter 13s, contested matters, adversary proceedings which can include cases such as fighting to help the debtor discharge student loans. Also, students may counsel with respect to financial distress and solutions to problems particularly those problems resulting from the COVID 19 pandemic and economic consequences. • Expert Mentorship – Students are placed with mentor bankruptcy attorneys in the community who really are at the top of their game from firms such as Kozyak Tropin and Genovese Joblove Battista. • Unparalleled Networking Opportunities – During the clinic students meet prospective future employers and attend numerous of bankruptcy events in the community such as View From the Bench, and numerous other Bankruptcy Bar Association events. • Fantastic Support – Clinic Director Patricia Redmond , Clinic Coordinator and mentor attorneys provide ongoing support, help and advice. Clients are referred to the clinic by the Dade County Bar Association, and sitting judges of the Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Florida
http://www.law.miami.edu/academics/clinics/bankruptcy-assistance-clinic 

This course will explore various legal, business and government affairs issues related to bidding for and hosting major sporting events (e.g., Super Bowls, NFL Draft, CFP Championships, Olympics, FIFA World Cup, etc.) from multiple perspectives, including, the sports league/organization, host city, host committee, host venues, event sponsors and event media partners. This elective course will be held at Hard Rock Stadium. In-person attendees will need to furnish roof of COVID-19 vaccination in compliance with Hard Rock Stadium’s office access policies. Those that are unable to comply with the vacination requirement can be approved for a hyrbid online option. Class size will be limited.
 

“Narrowly Taylored”: IP through the lens of Taylor Swift’s career, covering topics such as music copyright, trademark use, fair use, and IP licensing.
 

This course investigates the law pertaining to businesses, including the law of agency and partnership, limited partnerships, limited liability companies, and concluding with corporate law. Students will learn about the difference between public and private companies, key principles of corporate governance, and the life cycle of a business. This particular Business Associations course is also specifcally designed to prepare students who want to take the Transactional Skills Courses; who want to advise businesses of all sizes; or who may want to practice commercial litigation. Students are assumed to know nothing of business law, or indeed, of business itself. The course operates on the premise that all lawyers need to understand the underlying notions taught in this course. There is practically no area of human interaction that does not involve notions of agency. Partnerships can be complicated endeavors, but may also include small family entities. Likewise, corporations may be very large, or very small (again, things like family corporations). One need not be a "business lawyer" to encounter the fundamentals of business law and basic financial and accounting concepts, in areas as diverse as family law, commercial law and intellectual property. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine any legal practice that is divorced from concepts of business association law. Students will review actual contracts and corporate filings and engage in simulations that mirror what they would see in practice. Course Delivery: Flipped classroom Residential (with 1 credit online via watching video lectures prior to class)
 
Course Concentrations:
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Area of Focus) More information
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Concentration) More information
The Business of Innovation, Law and Technology: BILT (Concentration) More information
Transactional Law (Area of Focus) More information
Transactional Law (Concentration) More information

This course investigates the law pertaining to businesses, starting with the law of agency and partnership (with a bit of the law of limited partnerships, limited liability companies and other organizational forms thrown in), and concluding with corporate law, the goals of the course. Students are assumed to know nothing of business law, or indeed, of business itself. The course operates on the premise that all lawyers need to understand the underlying notions taught herein. There is practically no area of human interaction that does not involve notions of agency. Partnerships can be complicated endeavors, but may also include small family entities. Likewise, corporations may be very large, or very small (again, things like family corporations). One need not be a "business lawyer" to encounter the fundamentals of business law, in areas as diverse as family law, commercial law and intellectual property. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine any legal practice that is divorced from concepts of business association law. Other operative principles for the course: (a) that the law in all domains is united by a core of fundamental principles, based on basic concepts of business and economics; (b) that an understanding of those principles is best achieved by starting with relatively simple business relationships (agency, partnership) and progressing to more complex ones (corporations) and (c) that having achieved such an understanding, students will be able to analyze business problems that arise, and even new organizational forms, whether or not such problems and organizations have been studied before. Thus, although the course includes considerable analysis of individual cases and particular statutes, these are only means to a greater end: a comprehension of how the law of business associations operates overall, and why. Issues concerning regulation of business (e.g., by the Securities and Exchange Commission) and taxation of businesses are considered only in passing.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25nSgU5lKr0&list=PL5qQGzdjNpDgK_K4S7XjYIDJF1LmIENbm&index=8 
Course Concentrations:
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Area of Focus) More information
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Concentration) More information
The Business of Innovation, Law and Technology: BILT (Concentration) More information
Transactional Law (Area of Focus) More information
Transactional Law (Concentration) More information

This course investigates the law pertaining to businesses, starting with the law of agency and partnership (with a bit of the law of limited partnerships, limited liability companies and other organizational forms thrown in), and concluding with corporate law, the goals of the course. Students are assumed to know nothing of business law, or indeed, of business itself. The course operates on the premise that all lawyers need to understand the underlying notions taught herein. There is practically no area of human interaction that does not involve notions of agency. Partnerships can be complicated endeavors, but may also include small family entities. Likewise, corporations may be very large, or very small (again, things like family corporations). One need not be a "business lawyer" to encounter the fundamentals of business law, in areas as diverse as family law, commercial law and intellectual property. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine any legal practice that is divorced from concepts of business association law. Other operative principles for the course: (a) that the law in all domains is united by a core of fundamental principles, based on basic concepts of business and economics; (b) that an understanding of those principles is best achieved by starting with relatively simple business relationships (agency, partnership) and progressing to more complex ones (corporations) and (c) that having achieved such an understanding, students will be able to analyze business problems that arise, and even new organizational forms, whether or not such problems and organizations have been studied before. Thus, although the course includes considerable analysis of individual cases and particular statutes, these are only means to a greater end: a comprehension of how the law of business associations operates overall, and why. Issues concerning regulation of business (e.g., by the Securities and Exchange Commission) and taxation of businesses are considered only in passing.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25nSgU5lKr0&list=PL5qQGzdjNpDgK_K4S7XjYIDJF1LmIENbm&index=8 
Course Concentrations:
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Area of Focus) More information
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Concentration) More information
The Business of Innovation, Law and Technology: BILT (Concentration) More information
Transactional Law (Area of Focus) More information
Transactional Law (Concentration) More information

An introductory business associations class that provides a basis for advanced business classes. The class will analyze the legal aspects of business organizations (agency, partnership, limited liability companies and corporations).
 
Course Concentrations:
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Area of Focus) More information
Business Compliance and Sustainability (Concentration) More information
The Business of Innovation, Law and Technology: BILT (Concentration) More information
Transactional Law (Area of Focus) More information
Transactional Law (Concentration) More information

This course examines the evolving legal status, rights, and responsibilities of children in the American legal system. Students will explore critical issues shaping the relationships among children, parents, and the state, focusing on the often-unstable legal frameworks that govern these relationships. Key themes will include the competence of children to participate in legal systems, models of child advocacy, and the law’s inconsistent recognition of children as rights holders.

Topics covered will include the identity and role of children in families and society (including Custody, Adoption, Status Offenses, and Emancipation), the state’s treatment of children as victims (Abuse and Neglect proceedings), and its prosecution of children as perpetrators (Juvenile Delinquency and Criminal proceedings). Additionally, the course will address children’s autonomy in medical decision-making, education, and constitutional rights.

Students will engage with case law, statutes, and regulations, along with interdisciplinary material from social science and political theory to critically examine how the law views and impacts children. Through this course, students will develop a deeper understanding of the unique challenges and opportunities in child advocacy and juvenile law reform, as well as perspectives on current debates around parents’ rights and the abolition of foster care systems.
 

Please see link below. http://www.law.miami.edu/clinics/?op=0
 
Course Concentrations:
Health Law (Area of Focus) More information

Historically, litigation involved the adjudication of disputes between individual parties over discreet claims. See, Best Practices in Federal Pretrial Litigation I. In the modern world, it has become increasingly common for legal disputes to involve multiple parties, battling over multiple claims in separate forums. For example, in the federal courts, over 35% of all cases involve multidistrict litigation under the aegis of the Panel in Multidistrict Litigation and many more pending in the state courts. And, as the world is increasingly interconnected, this trend is likely to accelerate. The purpose of the course is not only to acquaint students with the doctrinal underpinning of the law of multiple party litigation but also to expose them as well to the practical application of these principals to pretrial practice (pleadings, motions, discovery, settlements). The course will involve readings from the basic text and cases, other materials available in electronic data bases, and class discussion.
 

The course will focus on the diversity of Criminal Justice systems. focusing on key issues and recent trends. Topics will comprise the analysis of fundamental principles, such as legality and culpability, as well of specific areas of criminality such as crimes against the person, sex offenses and organized crime. The analysis of substantive law will always be connected with its enforcement, making reference to prosecutorial discretion and to the different models of procedure. Short Course Attendance Policy Due to the small number of meetings, attendance to all meetings/classes for short courses is mandatory. Students who miss more than one class session (70 minute) of a 1-credit short course are subject to administrative withdrawal and will have a W for the course on their transcripts.
 
Course Concentrations:
Social Justice & Public Interest (Area of Focus) More information
Social Justice & Public Interest (Concentration) More information

Students will learn to understand and apply the legal nuances of matrimonial and family law. Students will be taught to apply the practical skillset needed to understand strategies necessary to excel as a divorce attorney through fact patterns and real-life cases from a practicing New York City matrimonial and family law attorney. At the end of the course you will: -Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of matrimonial and family law -Engage in legal reasoning, legal research, fact analysis, and critical thinking -Communicate effectively in oral and written form -Act professionally and ethically -Understand the particulars of a demanding law practice Short Course Attendance Policy: Due to the small number of meetings, attendance to all meetings/classes for short courses is mandatory. Students who miss more than one class session (70 minute) of a 1-credit short course are subject to administrative withdrawal and will have a W for the course on their transcripts.
 

This course considers the history, theory, and contemporary law of the post-Civil War Amendments to the Constitution, particularly the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The central subjects are the constitutional law governing discrimination on the basis of race, gender, sexual orientation, and the recognition of certain fundamental rights. The course also explores the doctrine and theory of the constitutional law of freedom of speech. The subjects for discussion may include advocacy of unlawful conduct, defamation, offensive speech, symbolic expression, and protest in public places. Throughout, students consider foundational questions, including the role of courts in a democracy and the question of how the Constitution should be interpreted. The student grade is based on several short papers and class participation.
 
Course Concentrations:
Immigration, Asylum, and Citizenship Law Area of Focus (Area of Focus) More information